canis - Articles
Collapse
Synonym(s): Weakness
Introduction
- Cause: it can be very difficult when first presented with an animal that has had 'a funny turn' to establish the etiology.
- Diagnosis:
- It is vital to take a complete history from the owners and if the episodes are recurrent to ask them to collect further information during subsequent episodes, eg heart rate, mucous membrane color, responsiveness.
- Unless episodes are occurring sufficiently frequently it may be impossible to see one yourself.
- Ask the owners to video an episode if it occurs at home and, if not possible, ensure they give you a very detailed description of the event and that you listen with an open mind.
- Collapse is a diagnostic challenge and many tests will yield negative results and thus achieving a definitive diagnosis may be impossible.
- Examination of the patient as close to an episode as possible, ideally during, or shortly after an episode, may be most useful.
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Cardiovascular- Arrhythmia Heart: dysrhythmia :
- Bradycardia.
- Tachycardia.
- Output failure:
- Aortic stenosis Heart: aortic stenosis.
- Dilated cardiomyopathy Heart: dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Heart: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).
- Pulmonic stenosis Pulmonic stenosis.
- Shock Shock.
- Hypovolemia, eg ruptured spleen Spleen: trauma or abdominal catastrophe.
- Pericardial effusion and tamponade.
- Ruptured chordae tendinae Heart: rupture of chordae tendinae.
- Shunts:
- Tetralogy of fallot Tetralogy of fallot.
- Reverse patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Patent ductus arteriosus.
- Thromboembolic disease.
- Hyperviscosity syndromes, eg polycythemia Polycythemia: secondary.
- Hip dysplasia Hip: dysplasia.
- Fracture or luxation.
- Patella luxation Patella: medial luxation.
- Stifle instability, eg cruciate rupture Stifle: cranial cruciate ligament disease.
- Spinal disease, eg intervertebral disk prolapse Intervertebral disk: type 1 herniation , diskospondylitis Diskospondylitis.
- Myositis Idiopathic polymyositis.
- Botulism Botulism.
- Myotonia Myotonic myopathy (myotonia).
- Tetanus Tetanus.
- Panosteitis Panosteitis.
- Polyarthritis Polyarthritis / polymyositis syndrome.
Neurological
- Seizure Seizures.
- Polyneuropathy Peripheral neuropathies , myopathy/radiculoneuropathy (distal denervating disease Distal denervating disease ):
- Infectious, inflammatory, idiopathic.
- Endocrine.
- Toxic.
- Paraneoplastic.
- Cauda equina syndrome Cauda equina neuritis.
- CDRM Spine: fracture / luxation.
- Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis.
- Botulism Botulism.
- Hereditary neuropathies:
- Scottie cramp Muscular hypertonicity.
- Narcolepsy/Cataplexy Narcolepsy.
- Idiopathic vestibular syndrome Vestibular disease: geriatric.
- Otitis media Otitis media or interna Otitis interna.
- Intracranial disease:
- Neoplasia.
- Trauma.
- Inflammation, eg meningitis Meningitis.
- Toxic.
- Metabolic.
- Hemorrhage.
Metabolic disease
- Hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia.
- Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia: overview.
- Hypocalcemia Hyperparathyroidism (primary).
- Hypokalemia Hypokalemia.
- Hypo/hypernatremia Hyponatremia Hypernatremia.
- Diabetic ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis.
- Uremia Uremia.
- Anemia Anemia: overview.
- Polycythemia Polycythemia: primary Polycythemia: secondary.
- Phaeochromocytoma Pheochromocytoma.
- Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism.
- Hyperadrenocorticism Hyperadrenocorticism.
- Hypoadrenocorticism Hypoadrenocorticism.
- Hyperthermia Hyperthermia.
- Hypothermia Hypothermia.
- Hypoxia:
- Severe pulmonary disease.
- Ventilation perfusion mismatch Ventilation-perfusion mismatching :
- Pulmonary thromboembolus Lung: pulmonary thromboembolism.
- Airway stenosis:
- Laryngeal paralysis Larynx: paralysis.
- Brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome Brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome.
- Airway obstruction:
- Neoplasia.
- Foreign body Airway foreign body.
- Pleural space disease.
- Small airway disease.
- Pulmonary parenchymal disease.
- Methaemoglobinemia.
- Drug-related.
- Neoplastic diseases.
Diagnosis
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Treatment
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Prevention
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Wray J (2005) Differential diagnosis of collapse in the dog. 3. Cardiovascular and miscellaneous causes. In Practice 27 (3), 128-135 VetMedResource.
- Wray J (2005) Differential diagnosis of collapse in the dog. 2. Neuromuscular causes. In Practice 27 (2), 62-69 VetMedResource.
- Wray J (2005) Differential diagnosis of collapse in the dog. 1. Aetiology and investigation. In Practice 27 (1), 16-28 VetMedResource.
- Greco D S (2001) Diagnosis and treatment of juvenile endocrine disorders in puppies and kittens. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 31 (2), 401-409 PubMed.
- Calvert C A (1996) Bradycardia-associated episodic weakness, syncope and aborted sudden death in cardiomyopathic Doberman Pinschers. JVIM 10 (2), 88-93 PubMed.
- Wright K N et al (1995) Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in a hypercalcemic dog with multiple endocrine neoplasia. JAAHA 31 (2), 156-162 PubMed.
Other sources of information
- Ettinger S J (2000)Weakness and syncope.In:Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine.5th edn. Eds: S J Ettinger & E C Feldman. Philadelphia: W B Saunders. pp 10-14.