Introduction

• Presence of blood in the urine.
• Hematuria is a sign, NOT a diagnosis.
• Cause: urinary tract hemorrhage, manifestation of abnormal hemostasis Hemostatic disorders: acquired.
• Signs: discoloration of urine.
• Diagnosis: detection of blood on dipstick and presence of red blood cells on cytological examination of urine.
• Treatment: depends on etiology.
• Prognosis: depends on etiology.

Pathogenesis

Etiology

Primary urinary tract hemorrhage

• Neoplasia:
  • Renal Kidney: neoplasia.
  • Ureteral.
  • Bladder Bladder: neoplasia.
  • Urethral Urethra: neoplasia.
• Inflammatory:
  • Urolithiasis Urolithiasis.
  • Feline lower urinary tract disease Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD).
  • Pyelonephritis Pyelonephritis.
  • Cystitis Cystitis: bacterial.
  • Urethritis.
• Infectious:
  • Feline lower urinary tract disease Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD)?
• Degenerative:
  • Acute renal failure Kidney: acute renal failure.
• Traumatic:
  • Calculi Urolithiasis.
  • Road traffic accidents.
  • Iatrogenic ureteral damage.
• Toxic:
  • Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis.
  • Ethylene glycol poisoning Ethylene glycol poisoning.

Genital tract hemorrhage

• Neoplasia (very rare):
  • Prostatic (male).
  • Uterus/vagina (female).
• Inflammatory also very rare:
  • Pyometra (female) Pyometra.
  • Vaginitis (female) Vaginitis.
  • Prostatitis (male).
• Trauma (see above).

Abnormalities of hemostasis, ie coagulopathies

• Congenital Hemostatic disorders: inherited.
• Acquired Hemostatic disorders: acquired.

Timecourse

• Days to months before presentation (depending to some extent on severity).

Diagnosis

Treatment

Outcomes