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Eye: examination – indirect ophthalmoscopy
Introduction
- Can be used as an alternative to direct ophthalmoscopy Eye: examination - direct ophthalmoscopy - close for examination of the fundus and vitreous.
- Gives additional information particularly when the ocular media are cloudy.
Uses
- As part of examination of eye Eye: examination - lighted .
Advantages
- Greater field of view - surveys at low power.
- Good image when ocular media is cloudy.
- Stereopsis and depth perception if binocular instrument is used.
- Easy to use if monocular indirect model (American Optical Co.) is used.
Disadvantages
- Less magnification than direct technique.
- Binocular and commercial monocular instruments are expensive, and require practice in using them and can be cumbersome.
- Inverted image (except American Optical Co. model).
- Require mydriasis to be effective.
Alternative techniques
- Focal beam examination Eye: examination - dark - diffuse and focal .
- Close direct ophthalmoscopy Eye: examination - direct ophthalmoscopy - close .
Time required
Preparation
- If mydriasis is necessary: 15-20 min.
Procedure
- 5-10 min per eye.
Decision taking
Criteria for choosing test
- Any examination of the eye, especially where ocular media cloudy or general survey of fundus required.
Requirements
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Preparation
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Technique
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Aftercare
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Cooley P L (1992) Normal equine ocular anatomy and eye examination. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 8 (3), 427-449 PubMed.
Other sources of information
- Brooks D E (1999) Equine Ophthalmology. In: Veterinary Ophthalmology. Ed: Gelatt K N. 3rd edn. pp 1053-1116.