Introduction

Name

• Enrofloxacin.

Class of drug

• Antibiotic.
• Antimicrobial.
• Fluoroquinolone.

Description

Chemical name

• 1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid.

Molecular formula

• C19H22FN3O3.

Storage requirements

• <30°C.
• In a dry environment.

Uses

Indications

• Gram-negative infections: Pseudomonas aeruginosa  Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli  Escherichia coli, Proteus spp Proteus spp and Salmonella spp Salmonella spp.
• Some Pseudomonas spp, depending on site of infection and dose used.

Other infections

• Staphylococcus spp Staphylococcus spp, Pasturella spp Pasteurella multocida, Brucella spp Brucella canis, Chlamydia spp Chlamydia psittaci, Mycoplasma spp Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas and some Mycobacteria spp Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Enrofloxacin is effective against many beta-lactamase producing bacteria.
• The fluoroquinolones are highly lipophilic drugs which attain high concentrations within the cells of many tissues and are particularly effective in the management of soft tissue, urogenital (including prostatic) and skin infections.
  Not effective against anaerobic infections.

Administration

Pharmacokinetics

Precautions

Interactions

with other drugs

Antibiotics

• Combination with chloramphenicol, macrolide antibiotics or tetracyclines may produce antagonistic effects.

Adsorbents and antacids containing cations (Mg, Al)

• May bind to fluoroquinolones and prevent its absorption; separate doses of these drugs by 2 hours Aluminum antacid Magnesium sulfate.

Sucralfate and zinc salts

• May inhibit absorption; separate doses of these drugs by 6-8 hours.

Theophylline

• Increases plasma theophylline levels Theophylline (in humans) - monitor carefully.

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

• Potential pharmacodynamic interactions in the CNS could lead to seizures (in susceptible animals).

Probenecid

• Blocks the tubular secretion of fluoroquinolones and may increase circulating concentrations and half-life.

Adverse Reactions

Further Reading

Publications

Refereed papers

• Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
• Weese J S, Blondeau J, Boothe D et al (2019) International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. Vet J 247, 8-25 PubMed. 
• Cepiel A, Noszczyk-Nowak A., Cekiera A et al (2017) Influence of long-term oral application of quinolones on the ECG curve in dogs. Pol J Vet Sci 20(3), 567-572 PubMed. 
• Blondeau J M, Borsos S, Blondeau L D et al (2012) In vitro killing of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by enrofloxacin in combination with its active metabolite ciprofloxacin using clinically relevant drug concentrations in the dog and cat. Vet Microbiol 155 (2-4), 284-290 PubMed.
• Shaheen B W, Boothe D M, Oyarzabal O A et al (2011) Evaluation of the contribution of gyrA mutation and efflux pumps to fluoroquinolone and multidrug resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from dogs and cats. Am J Vet Res 72 (1), 25-32 PubMed.

Other sources of information

• Based on Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook. D C Plumb(ed) (2011) 7th edn. Wiley Balckwell, US. ISBN: 978-0-4709-5965-7.
• Based on Small Animal Formulary. Ed. I Ramsey (2010) 6th edn. Cheltenham: BSAVA. ISBN: 978 1 905319 11 4.
• First International Veterinary Symposium on Baytril Proceedings 1992.
• Second International Veterinary Symposium on Baytril Proceedings 1993.
• Fourth International Veterinary Symposium on Baytril Proceedings 2009.