Introduction

• This section will cover the pharmacological effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), other joint modifying agents, topical anti-inflammatory agents, cytotoxic immunosuppressants and disease-modifying drugs, and other oral analgesics to control musculoskeletal pain in dogs.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Other joint modifying agents

Topical anti-inflammatory preparations

Cytotoxic immunosuppressants and disease-modifying drugs

Other oral analgesics used to control musculoskeletal pain

Further Reading

Publications

Refereed papers

• Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
• Rausch-Derra L, Huebner M, Wofford J, Rhodes L (2016) A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, Placebo-Controlled Multisite Clinical Study of Grapiprant, an EP4 Prostaglandin Receptor Antagonist (PRA), in Dogs With Osteoarthritis. J Vet Intern Med 30 (3), 756-763 PubMed.
• KuKanich B (2013) Outpatient Oral Analgesics in Dogs and Cats Beyond Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: An Evidence-based Approach. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 43 (5), 1109-1125 PubMed.
• Lascelles B D, Gaynor J S, Smith E S, Roe S C, Marcellin-Little D J, Davidson G, Boland E, Carr J (2008) Amantadine in a multimodal analgesic regimen for alleviation of refractory osteoarthritis pain in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 22(1), 53-59 PubMed.
• Bergh M S & Budsberg S C (2005) The Coxib NSAIDs: Potential Clinical and Pharmacologic Importance in Veterinary Medicine. J Vet Intern Med 19 (5), 633-643 PubMed.