Introduction

• Stem cell therapy is being used in humans to treat individual cases of muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, heart faliure, ulcerative colitis, retinal degeneration and diabetes mellitus, as well as hematopoietic conditions. Additionally, there are multiple institutional trials taking place. However, by far the most common application in small animals is in the treatment of joint disease. In equines, stem cell therapy is used primarily in the treatment of tendonopathies.
• This article will discuss the use of adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) and bone marrow derived stem cells (BMAC) in the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs.

Types of stem cells

Effect of stem cells

Mode of action

Source of stem cells

Evidence base

Further Reading

Publications

Refereed Papers

• Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.​
• Mokbel A, El-Tookhy O, Sharmaa A A et al (2019) Homing and efficacy of intra-articular injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in experimental chondral defects in dogs. Clin Exp Rheumatol 29(2), 275-284 PubMed.
• Sasaki A, Mizuno M, Mochizuki M, Sekiya I (2019) Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration in dogs. World J Stem Cells 11(5), 254-269 PubMed.
• McDougall R A, Canapp S O, Canapp D A (2018) Ultrasonographic Findings in 41 Dogs Treated with Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate and Platelet-Rich Plasma for a Supraspinatus Tendinopathy: A Retrospective Study. Front Vet Sci 5, 98 PubMed.
• Canapp S O Jr, Canapp D A, Ibrahim V, Carr B J, Cox C, Barrett J G (2016) The Use of Adipose-Derived Progenitor Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma Combination for the Treatment of Supraspinatus Tendinopathy in 55 Dogs: A Retrospective Study. Front Vet Sci 3, 61 PubMed.
• Canapp S O Jr, Leasure C S, Cox C, Ibrahim V, Carr B J (2016) Partial Cranial Cruciate Ligament Tears Treated with Stem Cell and Platelet-Rich Plasma Combination Therapy in 36 Dogs: A Retrospective Study. Front Vet Sci 3, 112 PubMed. 
• Harman R, Carlson K, Gaynor J A (2016) Prospective, Randomized, Masked, and Placebo-Controlled Efficacy Study of Intraarticular Allogeneic Adipose Stem Cells for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 3, 81 PubMed.
• Upchurch D A, Renberg W C, Roush J K, Milliken G A, Weiss M L (2016) Effects of administration of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction and platelet rich plasma to dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joints. Am J Vet Res 77(9), 940-951 PubMed.
• Vilar J M, Rubio M, Spinella G et al (2016) Serum Collagen Type II Cleavage Epitope and Serum Hyaluronic Acid as Biomarker for Treatment Monitoring of Dogs with Hip Osteoarthritis. PLoS One 11(2), e0149472 PubMed.
• Kiefer K M, O'Brien T D, Pluhar E G, Conzemius M (2015) Canine adipose-derived stromal cell viability following exposure to synovial fluid from osteoarthritic joints. Vet Rec Open 2(1), e000063 PubMed.
• Kristjánsson B, Honsawek S (2014) Current Perspectives in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies for Osteoarthritis. Stem Cells Int 194318 PubMed.
• Linon E, Spreng D, Rytz U, Forterre S (2014) Engraftment of autologous bone marrow cells into the injured cranial cruciate ligament in dogs. Vet J 202(3), 448-854 PubMed.
• Penha E M, Meira C S, Guimares E T et al (2014) Use of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Bone Marrow for the Treatment of Naturally Injured Spinal Cord in Dogs. Stem Cells Int 437521 PubMed.
• Vilar J M, Batista M, Morales M (2014) Assessment of the effect of intraarticular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritic dogs using a double blinded force platform analysis. BMC Vet Res 10, 143 PubMed.
• Vilar J M, Morales M, Santana A (2013) Controlled, blinded force platform analysis of the effect of intraarticular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells associated to PRGF-Endoret in osteoarthritic dogs. BMC Vet Res 9, 131 PubMed.
• Najar M, Raicevic G, Boufker H I et al (2010) Adipose-tissue-derived and Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells suppress lymphocyte responses by secreting leukemia inhibitory factor. Tissue Eng Part A 16 (11), 3537-3546 PubMed.
• Jung D I, Ha J, Kang B T (2009) A comparison of autologous and allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in canine spinal cord injury. J Neurol Sci 285(1-2), 67-77 PubMed.
•  Black L L et al (2008) Effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells on lameness in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joints: A randomised, double-blinded, multicenter, controlled trial. Vet Therap 8(4), 272-284.

Other sources of information

• Riordan N  H (2017) Stem Cell Therapy: A Rising Tide.  ISBN: 978-0-9990453-0-5.