Treat Canis Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC)

ISSN 2398-2969

Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC)

i canis

Contributor(s):

Richard B Ford

Melissa Kennedy

Lesley G King

Ulrike Mauchle

Synonym(s): Kennel cough, canine infectious tracheobronchitis, acute tracheobronchitis

Introduction

Common upper respiratory tract disease due to multiple infectious agents, complicated by management and patient factors.
Cause: a number of viral and/or bacterial agents.
Signs: sudden onset harsh cough.
Diagnosis: history, physical examination.
Treatment: symptomatic, antibiotics.
Prognosis: usually good.
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Pathogenesis

Etiology

One or a combination of infectious agents:
- Bordetella bronchiseptica Bordetella bronchiseptica.
- Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus Streptococcus equi.
- Parainfluenza virus Canine parainfluenza virus 2.
- Canine adenovirus II Canine adenovirus type 2.
- Canine distemper virus Canine distemper virus.
- Canine herpes virus Canine herpesvirus.
- Mycoplasma canis Mycoplasma canis.
- Mycoplasma cynos.
- Canine respiratory coronavirus Canine coronavirus, group II (as opposed to group I associated with enteritis).
Influenza virus Canine influenza virus (formerly equine influenza H3N8). Also H3N2.
Canine pneumovirus.
Other viruses such as reovirus, circovirus, hepacivirus, canine bocavirus and feline morbillivirus have been detected in dogs with CIRDC, but their exact role in the disease complex has not been determined.

Predisposing factors

General

Close contact or shared airspace in kennels and/or difficulty screening new arrivals, frequent introduction of new animals, especially unvaccinated.
Immunocompromise, eg young animals, concurrent disease, parasites, poor husbandry.
Exposure to high pathogen load, or concurrent exposure to multiple different pathogens.
Stress, eg change of housing (barking in boarding kennel).

Pathophysiology

Inhaled infective aerosols and/or fomites → colonize nasal, tracheal and bronchial mucosa → inflammatory reaction → mucosal swelling and increased production of viscous mucus; inflammation contributes significantly to the tissue damage and clinical signs.
Coughing is caused by inflammatory stimulation of mucosal cough receptors and the need to clear thick mucus from airways.
Hacking cough associated with gagging because mucus is difficult to clear.
Often initiated by virus; predisposes to secondary infection with bacteria. B. bronchiseptica is also a primary initiator; this organism is adapted as a primary respiratory pathogen producing enzymes that paralyze cilia movement and inhibit chemotaxis and intracellular killing by macrophages.

Damage to cilia of respiratory epithelium → colonization by bacteria.
Coughing → further respiratory damage and secondary bacterial invasion.
Occasionally (1-5% of cases) → progression to lower respiratory disease, ie bronchopneumonia if animal with immune compromise or underlying pulmonary pathology.
Occasionally leads to chronic bronchitis Chronic bronchitis , often associated with persistence of Bordetella bronchiseptica, with coughing that continues for months.

Timecourse

Incubation 2-18 days:
- Canine adenovirus 2 = 3-6 days.
- Canine herpes virus-1 = 6-10 days.
- Canine distemper virus = usually 3-6 days, but may be as long as 4 weeks.
- Canine influenza virus = 2-7 days.
- Bordetella bronchiseptica = 2-6 days.
- Canine parainfluenza virus = 3-10 days (usually isolated together with other pathogens).
- Mycoplasma cynos = 3-10 days (usually isolated together with other pathogens).
- Canine respiratory coronavirus = most likely a couple of days.
- Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus = most likely days.
Signs may persist for up to 3 weeks.
Bordetella may remain in respiratory tract for up to 3 months and can be found in the upper airways of normal dogs; ciliary paralysis may persist for several weeks and intracellular survival of the organism both contributes to carrier state.

Epidemiology

Highly contagious - more likely when dogs closely confined and/or with inadequate ventilation (includes humid weather and gentle air movement in open-air kennel runs).
Requires close contact (physically or temporally) with infected dog (because transmitted by infected aerosolized organism, nose-to-nose contact, or on hands of handlers or environmental fomites). Airborne spread in kennels. Bordetella can survive in moist environment for several weeks. Most viruses are fragile and not persistent in the environment.

Diagnosis

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Treatment

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Prevention

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Outcomes

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Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
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Other sources of information

Sykes J E (2014) Canine viral respiratory infections. In: Sykes J E (ed) Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. W B Saunders, Saint Louis (MO), Chapter 17, pp 170-181.

Airway foreign body

Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning

Azithromycin

Bacteriology

Baquiloprim

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Bronchoalveolar lavage - tracheal wash: cytology

Bronchoscopy

Butorphanol tartrate

Canine adenovirus type 1 disease

Canine adenovirus type 2

Canine adenovirus type 2 disease

Canine coronavirus

Canine distemper virus

Canine herpesvirus

Canine herpesvirus disease

Canine influenza virus

Canine parainfluenza virus 2

Cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis

Chronic bronchitis

Distemper disease

Doxycycline

Enrofloxacin

Escherichia coli

Heart: congestive heart failure

Heart: dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Lung: bacterial pneumonia

Lung: chronic pulmonary interstitial disease

Lung: pulmonary neoplasia

Minocycline

Mycoplasma canis

Nasal discharge

Oslerus osleri infection

Parvovirus disease associated with CPV-1

Parvovirus disease associated with CPV-2

Polymerase chain reaction

Prednisolone

Pyrexia: overview

Radiography: thorax

Respiratory: aerosol therapy

Serology

Staphylococcus spp

Streptococcus equi

Theophylline

Therapeutics: immune system

Trachea: collapse

Trachea: foreign body

Transtracheal wash

Trimethoprim

Vaccination protocols

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Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC)

Introduction