Introduction

• Low-stress handling improves animal welfare, handler safety, meat quality and producer profit.
• Understanding how and why cattle move, as they do, is critical for facilitating low-stress handling.

The flight zone and point of balance

Transporting cattle

Cattle behavior during loading/unloading

Handling aids

Transport preparation

Transport regulations

Driver training certification programs and resources

Conclusion

Further Reading

Publications

Refereed Papers

• Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
• Spoolder H (2017) Materials - Animal transport guides. [online]. Website: animaltransportguides.eu. Last accessed 27th November 2017.
• OIE (2017) Terrestrial animal health code: transport of animals by land. [online]. Website: www.oie.int. Last accessed 27th November 2017.
• Grandin T (2017) Recommended animal handling guidelines & audit guide: a
  systematic approach to animal welfare. [online] Website: www.animalhandling.org. Last accessed 27th November 2017.
• Canadian livestock transport (2017) The Canadian livestock transport (CLT) program. [online]. Website: www.livestocktransport.ca. Last accessed 27th November 2017.
• Beef quality assurance (2017) Master cattle transportation beef. [online]. Website: www.bqa.org. Last accessed 27th November 2018.
• Grandin T (2017) Behavioral principles of livestock handling. [online]. Website: www.grandin.com. Last accessed 20th February 2018.
• Elanco animal health (2009) 5-point body condition scoring system guidelines. [online]. Website: www.elanco.us. Last accessed 20th February 2018.

Other sources of information

• Grandin T (2015) Improving Animal Welfare: A Practical Approach. 2nd edn. CABI.
• Grandin T (2014) Livestock Handling and Transport: Theories and Applications. CABI.
• United States code (2012) Transportation - Supplement 3. 1219-1220.
• Grandin T & Gallo C (2007) Chapter 9: Cattle Transport.