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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Synonym(s): MRSA, S. aureus
Introduction
Classification
Taxonomy
- Family: Micrococcaceae.
- Genus: Staphylococcus.
- Species: aureus.
- Carries genes for methicillin resistance.
Etymology
- Gk: staphyle - bunch of grapes; coccus - grain or berry; Latin: aureus - golden.
Distribution
- Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus has a worldwide distribution throughout mammals.
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is also isolated worldwide mainly from humans in healthcare situations. Human community-based isolates of Staphylococcus are also found.
- MRSA strains have been isolated from several animal species including dogs, cats, horses, rabbits and chickens Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection.
- A 2011 study of companion animals in the US found that of all the animal coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CPS) isolates, overall 12.4% were S. aureus, with 100% of rabbits positive. Only 4.5% of all CPS isolates were MRSA (2.5% of dogs, 12.5% of cats, 42% of horses, and 50% of pigs tested), with various virulence profiles.
Significance
- Colonize skin and mucous membranes.
- Found in gastrointestinal tract.
- Many infections are associated with healthcare situations in humans. Human community MRSA strains have also now been identified.
- Prolonged survival in the environment enhances transmission.
- Can be isolated from healthy animals and humans and also from suppurative conditions, including septicemia.
- MRSA isolates commonly have resistance to other antibacterials and this can make treatment of affected individuals difficult.
- There is evidence of spread of MRSA between humans and animals.
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Clinical Effects
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Diagnosis
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Crémieux A C, Saleh-Mghir A, Danel C et al (2014) α-Hemolysin, not Panton–Valentine leukocidin, impacts rabbit mortality from severe sepsis with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. J Infect Dis 209 (11), 1773-1780 PubMed.
- Paterson G K, Larsen A R, Robb A et al (2012) The newly described mecA homologue, mecALGA251, is present in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a diverse range of host species. J Antimicrob Chemo 67 (12), 2809-2813 PubMed.
- Lin Y, Barker E, Kislow J et al (2011) Evidence of multiple virulence subtypes in nosocomial and community-associated MRSA genotypes in companion animals from the upper midwestern and northeastern United States. Clinical Med Res 9 (1), 7-16 PubMed.
- Leonard F C, Abbott Y, Rossney A et al (2006) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a veterinary surgeon and five dogs in one practice. Vet Rec 158 (5), 155-159 PubMed.
- Weese J S, Dick H, Willey B M et al (2006) Suspected transmission of methicillin-resistant Stapylococcus aureus between domestic pets and humans in veterinary clinics and in the household. Vet Microbiol 115 (1-3), 148-155 PubMed.
- Baptiste K E, Williams K, Williams N J et al (2005) Methicillin-resistant staphylococci in companion animals. Emerg Infect Dis 11 (12), 1942-1944 PubMed.
- Weese J S, Archambault M, Willey B M et al (2005) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel, 2000-2002. Emerg Infect Dis 11 (3), 430-435 PubMed.
- Boag A, Loeffler A, Lloyd D H (2004) Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from companion isolates. Vet Rec 154 (13), 411 PubMed.
- Duquette R A & Nuttall T J (2004) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dogs and cats: an emerging problem? JSAP 45 (12), 591-7 PubMed.
- Owen M R, Moores A P & Coe R J (2004) Management of MRSA septic arthritis in a dog using a gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponge. JSAP 45 (12), 609-612 PubMed.
- van Duijkeren E, Wolfhagen M J, Box A T et al (2004) Human-to-dog transmission of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Emerg Infect Dis 10 (12), 2235-7 PubMed.
- Manian F A (2003) Asymptomatic nasal carrriage of mupirocin, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a pet dog associated with MRSA infection in household contacts. Clin Infect Dis 36 (2), e26-28 PubMed.
- Seguin J C, Walker R D, Caron J P et al (1999) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in a veterinary teaching hospital: Potential human-to-animal-transmission. J Clin Microbiol 37 (5), 1459-1463 PubMed.
- Tomlin J, Pead M J, Lloyd D H et al (1999) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in 11 dogs. Vet Rec 144 (3), 60-64 PubMed.
- Hartmann F A, Trostle S S & Klohnen A A (1997) Isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a postoperative wound infection in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211 (5), 590-2 PubMed.
- Shimizu A, Kawano J, Yamamoto C et al (1997) Genetic analysis of equine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. J Vet Med Sci 59 (10), 935-937 PubMed.
- Hoekstra K A & Paulton R J (1996) Antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. intermedius of canine and feline origin. Letters in Applied Microbiology 22 (3), 192-194 PubMed.
- Cefai C, Ashurst S & Owens C (1994) Human carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus linked with pet dog. Lancet 344 (8921), 539-540 PubMed.