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Calicivirus
Synonym(s): Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), Viral hemorrhagic disease virus (VHDV)
Introduction
Classification
Taxonomy
- Family: Caliciviridae.
- Genus: Lagovirus.
Etymology
- Greek: calyx - cup, calicivirus has many cup-shaped subunits on its surface as seen by electron microscopy.
Distribution
- First recognized in China in 1984.
- Now widespread in Europe, including the UK, Italy, France, Germany and Denmark.
- First reported in the UK in 1992. Notifiable until October 1996. Now distributed throughout UK with cases reported from Devon to Scotland.
- Introduced into Australia in 1995.
- Has been reported in North Africa and India.
- An outbreak occurred in Mexico in 1988 and in the USA in 2000.
Significance
- Causes viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits Viral hemorrhagic disease.
- The virus causes severe internal hemorrhaging which results in rapid death (in 1-2 days).
- The case fatality rate is about 90%.
- Clinical signs include depression, anorexia, respiratory distress and incoordination.
- No longer a notifiable disease.
Active Forms
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Resting Forms
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Clinical Effects
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Diagnosis
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Spibey N, McCabe V J, Greenwood N M et al (2012) Novel bivalent vectored vaccine for control of myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease. Vet Rec 170 (12), 309 PubMed.
- Marchandeau S, Bertagnoli S, Peralta B et al (2004) Possible interaction between myxomatosis and calicivirosis related to rabbit haemorrhagic disease affecting the European rabbit. Vet Rec 155 (19), 589-592 PubMed.
- Thiel H J & König M (1999) Caliciviruses - an overview. Vet Microbiol 69 (1-2), 55-62 PubMed.
- Motha M X & Kittelberger R (1998) Evaluation of three tests for the detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in wild rabbits. Vet Rec 143 (23), 627-629 PubMed.
- Chasey D (1997) Rabbit haemorrhagic disease - the new scourge of Oryctolaguis cuniculus. Lab Anim 31 (1), 33-44 PubMed.
- Chasey D, Lucas M H, Westcott D G et al (1995) Development of a diagnostic approach to the identification of rabbit haemorrhagic disease. Vet Rec 137 (7), 158-160 PubMed.
- Fuller H E, Chasey D, Lucas M H et al (1993) Rabbit haemorrhagic disease in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 133 (25-26), 611-613 PubMed.
- Chasey D, Lucas M, Westcott D et al (1992) European brown hare syndrome in the UK; a calicivirus related to but distinct from that of viral haemorrhagic disease in rabbits. Arch Virol 124 (3-4), 363-370 PubMed.
- Smíd B, Valícek L, Rodák L et al (1991) Rabbit haemorrhagic disease: an investigation of some properties of the virus and evaluation of an inactivated vaccine. Vet Microbiol 26 (1-2), 77-85 PubMed.