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Borrelia burgdorferi
Introduction
Classification
Taxonomy
- Kingdom: Prokaryotae.
- Phylum: Spirochaetes.
- Class: Spirochaetes.
- Order: Spirochaetales.
- Family: Spirochaetaceae.
- Genus:Borrelia.
- Species:burgdorferi.
Etymology
- Amédéé Borrel, French bacteriologist (1867-1936).
- In 1982,Borrelia burgdorferiwas named in honor of Willy Burgdorfer, who first provided evidence of the causal relationship between this organism and Lyme disease Borreliosis .
- B. burgdorferiwas isolated fromIxodesticks.
Distribution
- B. burgdorferi(known to cause Lyme disease) Borreliosis is predominant in North America, bust also exists in Europe.
- Lyme disease was first described during a report of an outbreak of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis near Old Lyme, Conneticut, USA in 1975.
- Lyme borreliosis spirochetes circulate more or less wherever there are competent tick species.
- Lyme disease is a vectorborne disease occurring in the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere.
- Ixodes ricinusis one of a number of Ixodid ticks responsible for the transmission of Lyme borreliosis in Europe. It has a wide geographical distribution throughout Europe within the latitudes of 65° and 39° and from Portugal into Russia.
- In eastern and mid-west USA,Ixodes scapularisare the primary tick vectors forB. burgdorferi.
Significance
- B. burgdorferiis the agent of Lyme disease, or Lyme borreliosis.
- Organisms presenting the morphological characteristics of spirochaetes were said to be associated with the skin lesion, erythema chronicum migrans (ECM), commonly described as the "bullseye" lesion, that is often the first sign of Lyme disease, as early as 1948. This causal relationship was finally demonstrated 34 years later by Willy Burgdorfer.
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Clinical Effects
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Diagnosis
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Couper D, Margos G, Kurtenbach K et al (2010) Prevalence of Borrelia infection in ticks from wildlife in south-west England. Vet Rec 167 (26), 1012-1014 PubMed.
- Schnarr S, Franz J K, Krause A et al (2006) Infection and musculoskeletal conditions: Lyme borreliosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 20 (6), 1099-1118 PubMed.
- Steere A C, Coburn J & Glickstein L (2004) The emergence of Lyme disease. J Clin Invest 113 (8), 1093-1101 PubMed.
- Randolph S E (2001) The shifting landscape of tick-borne zoonoses: tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme Borreliosis in Europe. Phil Trans R Soc London 356 (1411), 1045-1056 PubMed.
- Shang E S, Champion C I, Wu X Y et al (2000) Comparison of protection in rabbits against host-adapted and cultivated Borrelia burgdorferi following infection-derived immunity or immunisation with outer membrane vesicles or outer surface protein A. Infect Immun 68 (7), 4189-4199 PubMed.
- Hubálek Z, Halouzka J & Heroldová M (1998) Growth temperature ranges of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains. J Med Microbiol 47 (10), 929-932 PubMed.
- Foley D M, Wang Y P, Wu X Y et al (1997) Acquired resistance to Borrelia burgdorferi infection in the rabbit. Comparison between outer surface protein A vaccine- and infection-derived immunity. J Clin Invest 99 (8), 2030-2035 PubMed.
- Reisinger E, Wendelin I, Gasser R et al (1996) Antibiotics and increased temperature against Borrelia burgdorferi in vitro. Scand J Infect Dis 28 (2), 155-157 PubMed.
- Wikel S K (1996) Host immunity to ticks. Annu Rev Entomology 41, 1-22 PubMed.
- De Silva A M & Fikrig E (1995) Growth and migration of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes ticks during blood feeding. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 (4), 397-404 PubMed.
- Foley D M, Gayek R J, Skare J T et al (1995) Rabbit model of Lyme borreliosis: erythema migrans, infection-derived immunity, and identification of Borrelia burgdorferi proteins associated with virulence and protective immunity. J Clin Invest 96 (2), 965-975 PubMed.
- Butler F T (1994) Arthropod and helminth parasites from rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in south west Ireland. Irish Naturalists Journal 24 (10), 392-395 VetMedResource.
- Livesley M A, Carey D, Gern L et al (1994) Problems of isolating Borrelia burgdorferi from ticks collected in United Kingdom foci of Lyme disease. Med Vet Entomol 8 (2), 172-178 PubMed.
- Fikrig E, Magnarelli L A, Chen M C et al (1993) Serological analysis of dogs, horses and cottontail rabbits to an antigenic flagellar epitope of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Clin Microbiol 31 (9), 2451-2455 VetMedResource.
- Shih C M, Telford S R 3rd, Pollack R J et al (1993) Rapid dissemination by the agent of Lyme disease in hosts that permit fulminating infection. Infect Immun 61 (6), 2396-2399 PubMed.
- Lane R S, Piesman J & Burgdorfer W (1991) Lyme borreliosis: relation of its causative agent to its vectors and hosts in North America and Europe. Ann Rev Entomology 36, 586-609 PubMed.
- Piesman J, Maupin G O, Campos E G et al (1990) Duration of adult female Ixodes dammini attachment and transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, with description of needle aspiration method. J Infect Dis 163 (4), 895-897 PubMed.
- Telford S R 3rd & Spielman A (1989) Enzootic transmission of the agent of Lyme disease in rabbits. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 (4), 482-490 PubMed.
- Daniel J C Jr., Sonenshine D E & Juneja S C (1988) Disruption of pregnancy of rabbits serving as hosts for feeding ticks. Theriogenol 30 (6), 1087-1092 PubMed.
- Benach J L, Bosler E M, Coleman J L et al (1984) Experimental transmission of the Lyme Disease spirochete to rabbits. J Infectious Disease 150 (5), 786-787 PubMed.
- Johnson R C, Schmid G P, Hyde F W et al (1984) Borrelia burgdorferi spp. nov.: etiologic agent of Lyme disease. Int J Syst Bacteriol 34 (4), 496-497 Microbiology Research.
- Kornblatt A N, Steere A C & Brownstein D G (1984) Experimental Lyme Disease in rabbits: spirochetes found in erythema migrans and blood. Infection and Immunity 46 (1), 220-223 PubMed.
- Burgdorfer W, Barbour A G, Hayes S F et al (1982) Lyme disease a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science 216 (4552), 1317-1319 PubMed.
Other sources of information
- Wang G, Aguero-Rosenfeld M E, Wormser G P & Schwartz I (2010) Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi. In:Borrelia: Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis. Eds: Samuels D S & Radolf J D. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK.
- Stanek G, Strle E, Gray J & Wormser G P (2002) History and characteristics of Lyme Borreliosis. In:Lyme Borreliosis, Biology, Epidemiology and Control. Eds: Gray J S, Kahl O, Lane R S, Stanek G. CABI Publishing. pp 1-28.
- Karlen A (2000) Biography of a Germ. New York, Pantheon Books.