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Elbow: congenital luxation
Introduction
- Very rare in cats.
- Cause: congenital developmental abnormality.
- 2 types:
- Lateral luxation of ulna.
- Caudolateral luxation of radial head.
- Treatment: closed reduction if possible, early surgical intervention if not.
- Prognosis: worse when surgery required or in neglected cases.
Presenting signs
- Neonate/young animal.
- Forelimb lameness uni- or bilateral.
- Characteristic carriage of limb.
- Deviation of limb - dependent on luxation type.
- Disability dependent on luxation type - moderate to severe.
Age predisposition
Severe disability
- 0-3 months.
Less severe disability
- 4-5 months.
Pathogenesis
Etiology
- Congenital developmental anomaly.
Pathophysiology
Two forms
- Lateral luxation of ulna:
- 90° outward rotation proximally → SEVERE DISABILITY.
- Trochlear notch and articular process disarticulated from humerus and displacement of biceps (?triceps) tendon.
- Caudolateral luxation of radial head →
- Disability not as severe because of normal relationship between humerus and ulna.
- Proximal medial epiphysis often deformed (either primarily or secondarily to absence of normal weight bearing forces).
- Unknown - ?failure of development of medial collateral and annular ligaments and hypertrophy of lateral collateral ligament allowing outward rotation of ulna to occur.
- Limb angulation changes seen may be secondary due to abnormal distribution of weight bearing surfaces.
- Long-standing cases - articular surface of proximal radius deformed due to lack of contact with humerus.
Diagnosis
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Treatment
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Prevention
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Outcomes
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