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Hematuria
Introduction
- Presence of blood in the urine.
- Hematuria is a sign, NOT a diagnosis.
- Cause: urinary tract hemorrhage, manifestation of abnormal hemostasis Hemostatic disorders: acquired.
- Signs: discoloration of urine.
- Diagnosis: detection of blood on dipstick and presence of red blood cells on cytological examination of urine.
- Treatment: depends on etiology.
- Prognosis: depends on etiology.
Presenting signs
- Gross hematuria often detected by owner when they see cat urinate in litter tray or in bath.
- Severe cases may present with anemia Anemia: overview.
- May be detected on laboratory screening.
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Primary urinary tract hemorrhage
- Neoplasia:
- Renal Kidney: neoplasia.
- Ureteral.
- Bladder Bladder: neoplasia.
- Urethral Urethra: neoplasia.
- Inflammatory:
- Urolithiasis Urolithiasis.
- Feline lower urinary tract disease Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD).
- Pyelonephritis Pyelonephritis.
- Cystitis Cystitis: bacterial.
- Urethritis.
- Infectious:
- Feline lower urinary tract disease Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD)?
- Degenerative:
- Acute renal failure Kidney: acute renal failure.
- Traumatic:
- Calculi Urolithiasis.
- Road traffic accidents.
- Iatrogenic ureteral damage.
- Toxic:
- Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis.
- Ethylene glycol poisoning Ethylene glycol poisoning.
Genital tract hemorrhage
- Neoplasia (very rare):
- Prostatic (male).
- Uterus/vagina (female).
- Inflammatory also very rare:
- Trauma (see above).
Abnormalities of hemostasis, ie coagulopathies
- Congenital Hemostatic disorders: inherited.
- Acquired Hemostatic disorders: acquired.
Timecourse
- Days to months before presentation (depending to some extent on severity).
Diagnosis
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Treatment
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Prevention
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Beatty J A, Martin P, Kendall K et al (1999) Haematuria in a geriatric cat. Aust Vet J 77 (3), 160, 166-167 PubMed.
- Tasker S, Mackin A J, Day M J (1999) Primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in a cat. JSAP 40 (3), 127-131 PubMed.
- Batamuzi E K, Kristensen F, Basse A et al (1994) Idiopathic renal haematuria in the dog. Vet Rec 135 (25), 603 PubMed.
- Hitt M E, Straw R C, Lattimer J C et al (1985) Idiopathic hematuria of unilateral renal origin in a dog. JAVMA 187 (12), 1371-1373 PubMed.