Gout

• Cause: inflammation due to deposition of uric acid crystals in intra-articular, peri-articular and visceral tissues, secondary to hyperuricemia. The hyperuricemia can be due to a number of etiologies, most commonly renal disease.
• Signs: lameness, joint swellings, pale deposits within oral mucosa, neurological signs, lethargy, anorexia.
• Diagnosis: persistently elevated blood uric acid levels, demonstration of crystals and tophi in joints or tissues.
• Treatment: pharmacological reduction of blood uric acid levels, analgesia, husbandry changes, euthanasia if refractory.
• Prognosis: potentially very guarded, depending on underlying etiology, however some animals may do well long-term with palliative care.

Presenting signs

• Animals most commonly present for lethargy, anorexia Anorexia, dehydration and lameness.
• Owners may notice articular and periarticular swellings or changes to the oral mucosa.
• On occasion, neurological signs are the reason for presentation.

Age predisposition

• Most often seen in older animals but can be seen in animals of any age.

Breed/Species predisposition

• No specific predisposition however often seen in:
  • Herbivorous animals fed on high protein, especially animal protein, diets.
  • Desert dwelling or arid species that may be more uricotelic combined with owners that do not provide a constant water source in the mistaken belief that it is not required.

Cost considerations

• Gout is a chronic condition and regular monitoring and blood testing is required following initial investigations.

Special risks

• Underlying renal disease increases anesthetic risks.
• Underlying renal disease may restrict drug choices.