Cystocentesis: ultrasound-guided
Introduction
- Collection of an uncontaminated urine sample in patients.
Uses
- Urinalysis/urine culture Urinalysis: culture and sensitivity - for the diagnosis of urinary tract disorders.
- Urine sample collection during bladder ultrasound examination Ultrasonography: bladder and urinary tract.
- Immediate relief of pressure in bladder in an animal with urethral obstruction Urethra: obstruction that cannot be relieved by catheterization.
Advantages
- Decreased risk of complications compared to blind technique.
- In most animals can be performed without the need of general anesthesia.
Disadvantages
- Requires co-operative patient (or sedation Sedation or sedative protocol).
- Cannot be performed if bladder completely empty and should not be performed in patients with suspected bladder transitional cell carcinoma Bladder: neoplasia (due to risk of seeding tumor along needle track).
- Emphysematous cystitis Cystitis: bacterial may make technique difficult due to reverberation artifacts preventing visualization of the needle tip.
Alternative techniques
- Blind technique Cystocentesis: not recommended when bladder cannot be palpated.
- Manual expression of the bladder: interpretation of culture and sensitivity on a manually expressed or free-flow sample Urine collection: freeflow is likely to be complicated by contaminants.
- Urinary catheterization Urethra: catheterization: risk of iatrogenic urinary tract infection.
Time required
Preparation
- 5 min.
Procedure
- 5 min.
Decision taking
Criteria for choosing test
- Urinary tract disease requiring an accurate culture and sensitivity result.
- Bladder distension that cannot be relieved by catheterization.
Requirements
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Preparation
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Technique
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Aftercare
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Vignoli M, Saunders J H (2011) Image-guided interventional procedures in the dog and cat. Vet J 187 (3), 297-303 PubMed.
Other sources of information
- Rosenblatt A, Webster N (2012) Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirates and cystocentesis - skills and pointers. Veterinary Times 42, 12-15.