Staphylococcus spp
Introduction
Classification
Taxonomy
- Family: Micrococcaceae.
- Genus: Staphylococcus.
- Species: currently around 50 different species recognized.
Etymology
- Gk: staphule - bunch of grapes; Gk: kokkos - grain, berry, seed.
Distribution
- Worldwide.
- Colonize all mammals (all those that have been studied to date).
- Shed by hosts via squames and hair.
- Environmental sites and part of soil microflora.
Significance
- Ubiquitous as commensals.
- Opportunistic pathogens typically in skin and wound infection (other organs also affected).
- Divided, for clinical purposes, into coagulase-positive (CoPS) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) depending on ability to clot plasma.
- CoNS previously considered of low pathogenicity but nowadays relevant in immunocompromised patients and if associated with multidrug-resistance.
- Meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci = amongst most important nosocomial pathogens in human medicine.
- MRSA and MRSP with public health implications (multidrug-resistant and zoonotic potential) MRSA infection Hospital-associated infections.
Active Forms
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Resting Forms
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Clinical Effects
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Diagnosis
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Walther B, Tedin K, Lübke-Becker A (2017) Multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens challenging veterinary infection control. Vet Microbiol 200, 71-78 PubMed.
- Hill P B, Imai A (2016) The immunopathogenesis of staphylococcal skin infections - A review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 49, 8-28 PubMed.
- Paharik A E, Horswill A R (2016) The Staphylococcal Biofilm: Adhesins, Regulation, and Host Response. Microbiol Spectr 4 (2) PubMed.
- Somayaji R, Priyantha M A, Rubin J E et al (2016) Human infections due to Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, an emerging zoonosis of canine origin: report of 24 cases. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 85 (4), 471-476 PubMed.
- Wendlandt S, Shen J, Kadlec K et al (2015) Multidrug resistance genes in staphylococci from animals that confer resistance to critically and highly important antimicrobial agents in human medicine. Trends Microbiol 23 (1), 44-54 PubMed.
- Cain C L (2013) Antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 43 (1), 19-40 PubMed.
- Bond R, Loeffler A (2012) What's happened to Staphylococcus intermedius? Taxonomic revision and emergence of multi-drug resistance. J Small Anim Pract 53 (3), 147-154 PubMed.
- Weese J S (2012) Staphylococcal control in the veterinary hospital. Vet Dermatol 23 (4), 292-298, e57-58 PubMed.
- Ben Zakour N L, Guinane C M, Fitzgerald J R (2008) Pathogenomics of the staphylococci: insights into niche adaptation and the emergence of new virulent strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 289 (1), 1-12 PubMed.
- Kong K F, Vuong C, Otto M (2006) Staphylococcus quorum sensing in biofilm formation and infection. Int J Med Microbiol 296 (2-3), 133-139 PubMed.
- Talan D A, Citron D M, Abrahamian F M et al (1999) Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites. Emergency Medicine Animal Bite Infection Study Group. N Engl J Med 340 (2), 85-92 PubMed.
- Allaker R P, Jensen L, Lloyd D H et al (1992) Colonization of neonatal puppies by staphylococci. Brit Vet J 148 (6), 523-528 PubMed.
- Allaker R P, Lloyd D H, Bailey R M (1992) Population sizes and frequency of staphylococci at mucocutaneous sites in healthy dogs. Vet Rec 130 (14), 303-304 PubMed.