canis - Articles
Rhinoscopy
Synonym(s): Endoscopy of the nasal cavity
Introduction
Uses
- Evaluation of the nasal passages, particularly for investigation of nasal discharge Nasal discharge or deformity.
- Evaluation of chronic or acute rhinitis Rhinitis.
- Evaluation of the nasopharynx Rhinoscopy: retrograde - normal
. - Removal of foreign objects Airway foreign body.
- Identification and subsequent biopsy of masses Nasal cavity: neoplasia.
- Collection of washings or brushings for cytology Nasal flushing.
Advantages
- Well-tolerated.
- May be curative if foreign object present.
- Biopsy sample may be readily obtained.
Disadvantages
- Tendency for hemorrhage.
- Deep planes of anesthesia required for evaluation of nasopharynx.
- Further therapy indicated if mass or fungal infection identified:
- Surgery.
- Radiation therapy.
- Infusion of anti-fungals.
- Relatively expensive equipment.
Alternative techniques
- Radiography.
- CT imaging.
- Blind flushing or biopsy.
Time required
Preparation
- 10-15 minutes for induction of anesthesia.
To avert aspiration of blood use cuffed endotracheal tube for general anesthesia
.
Procedure
- 10-15 minutes for procedure
Perform radiographs or CT prior to rhinoscopy.
Decision taking
Criteria for choosing test
- Based on clinician preference.
- Helpful for animals with suspected foreign bodies Airway foreign body or chronic rhinitis Rhinitis.
Risk assessment
- Low risk for the patient from the procedure.
- Some risk of hemorrhage, which at times may be dramatic.
- Older patients may have systemic disease.
Requirements
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Preparation
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Technique
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Aftercare
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Harcourt-Brown N (2006) Rhinoscopy in the dog 1. Anatomy and techniques. In Practice 28 (4), 170-175 VetMedResource.
- Harcourt-Brown N (2006) Rhinoscopy in the dog 2. Conditions associated with chronic nasal discharge. In Practice 28 (5), 238-246 VetMedResource.
- Noone K E (2001) Rhinoscopy, pharyngoscopy, and laryngoscopy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 31 (4), 671-689 PubMed.
- Lent S E & Hawkins E C (1992) Evaluation of rhinoscopy and rhinoscopy-assisted mucosal biopsy in the diagnosis of nasal disease in dogs: 119 cases (1985-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201 (9) 1425-1429 PubMed.