canis - Articles
Prostate: neoplasia
Introduction
- Uncommon.
- Spontaneous cancer.
- Average age: 10 years.
- More common in neutered dogs.
- Usually advanced before presented.
- Signs: pain on defecating/urinating; hindlimb locomotor/neurological signs.
- Diagnosis: clinical signs, biopsy.
- Treatment: poor efficacy, rarely indicated because of metastasis.
- Prognosis: extremely poor because of early dissemination and absence of response to treatment.
Presenting signs
- Pain on defecation/urination.
- Lumbar pain.
- Hindlimb locomotor/neurological signs.
- Dysuria, hematuria.
- Incontinence.
Age predisposition
- Mean age: 10 years.
Breed/Species predisposition
- Bouvier des Flandres Bouvier de Flandres , Doberman Pinscher Dobermann , Shetland sheepdog Shetland Sheepdog , Scottish terrier Scottish Terrier , Beagle Beagle , German shorthaired pointer German Shorthaired Pointer , Airedale terrier Airedale Terrier , Norwegian Elkhound Elkhound.
- American Cocker spaniel American Cocker Spaniel , Dachshund Dachshund may be at decreased risk.
Pathogenesis
Etiology
- Unknown.
- Androgen dependent.
- High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) - a precursor of human prostatic cancer - has been detected in dogs without prostatic disease and in dogs with prostatic cancer.
- Chromosomal abnormalities.
- Overexpression of COX-2.
- TGF - beta and PTHrP involved in bone metastasis.
Pathophysiology
- Insidious onset - usually advanced (often metastasized) before presented.
- Abscesses/cysts/hyperplasia may be concurrent.
- Early dissemination to lumbar vertebrae, pelvis and bones of hindlimbs.
- Local infiltration and regional node involvement common.
Diagnosis
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Treatment
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Prevention
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Cannon C M, Allstadt S D (2015) Lower urinary tract cancer. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 45 (4), 807-824 PubMed.
- Axiak S M, Bigio A (2012) Canine prostatic carcinoma. Compend Contin Educ Vet 34 (10), E1-5 PubMed.
- Dominguez P A, Dervisis N G, Cadile C D, Sarbu L, Kitchell B E (2009) Combined gemcitabine and carboplatin therapy for carcinomas in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 23 (1), 130-137 PubMed.
- Bell F W et al (1991) Clinical and pathologic features of prostatic adenocarcinoma, in sexually active and castrated dogs - 31 cases (1970-1987). JAVMA 199 (11), 1623-30 PubMed.
- Weaver A D (1981) Fifteen cases of prostatic carcinoma in the dog. Vet Rec 109 (4), 71-75 PubMed.