canis - Articles
Hematuria
Introduction
- Presence of blood in the urine.
- Hematuria is a sign NOT a diagnosis.
- Cause: urinary tract hemorrhage, manifestation of abnormal hemostasis.
- Signs: discoloration of urine.
- Diagnosis: detection of blood on dipstick and presence of red blood cells on cytological examination of urine.
- Treatment: depends on etiology.
- Prognosis: depends on etiology.
Presenting signs
- Gross hematuria often detected by owner.
- Severe cases may present with anemia Anemia: overview.
- May be detected on laboratory screening.
Cost considerations
- If full investigation undertaken.
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Primary urinary tract hemorrhage
- Neoplasia:
- Renal Kidney: neoplasia.
- Ureteral Ureter: neoplasia.
- Bladder Bladder: neoplasia.
- Urethral Urethra: neoplasia.
- Inflammatory/infectious:
- Urolithiasis Urolithiasis.
- Pyelonephritis Kidney: pyelonephritis.
- Cystitis Cystitis.
- Urethritis.
- Acute renal failure Kidney: acute kidney injury (AKI).
- Idiopathic:
- Benign renal hematoma.
- Traumatic:
- Renal or bladder hemorrhage following abdominal trauma Kidney: trauma Bladder: trauma rupture.
- Iatrogenic urethral damage.
- Calculi Urolithiasis.
- Toxic:
- Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis.
- Ethylene glycol poisoning Ethylene glycol poisoning.
Genital tract hemorrhage
- Neoplasia:
- Prostatic (male) Prostate: neoplasia.
- Uterus/vagina (female).
- Inflammatory/infectious:
Abnormalities of hemostasis, ie coagulopathies
- Pyometra (female) Pyometra.
- Prostatitis (male) Acute prostatitis.
- Vaginitis (female) Vaginitis.
- Subinvolution of placental sites (following parturition) Uterus: subinvolution of placental site.
- Trauma.
- Congenital Hemostatic disorder: primary inherited.
- Acquired Von Willebrand's disease.
Timecourse
- Days to months before presentation (depending to some extent on severity).
Diagnosis
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Treatment
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Prevention
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Batamuzi E K & Kristensen F et al (1994) Idiopathic renal hematuria in the dog. Vet Rec 135 (25), 603 PubMed.
- Hitt M E & Straw R C et al (1985) Idiopathic hematuria of unilateral renal origin in a dog. JAVMA 187 (12), 1371-1373 PubMed.