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Radiography: urethrography
Introduction
- Radiography following injection of contrast into urethra.
- Allows visualization of urethra.
Uses
- Investigation of dysuria.
- Investigation of hematuria Hematuria of suspected lower urinary tract origin.
- Investigation of urinary obstruction, eg urethral calculi
. - Allows identification of patency of urethra Urethra: obstruction.
- Assessment of presence of urethral disease.
- Post-trauma, allows identification of urethal rupture Urethra: rupture.
- Investigation of urinary incontinence Urinary incontinence.
- May give information on bladder disease if unable to pass catheter due to urethral obstruction
. - Investigation of prostatic disease Prostate disease.
Disadvantages
- May not identify functional urethral obstructions, eg urethral spasm, reflex dyssynergia.
Alternative techniques
- Ultrasonography for investigation of prostatic disease.
Time required
Preparation
- 5 minutes to collect materials.
Procedure
- 5 minutes.
- Usually performed before or following contrast cystography.
Decision taking
Criteria for choosing test
- Is the examination appropriate?
- Can you make the diagnosis without it?
- Will your management of the case be affected by the outcome of the examination?
Requirements
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Preparation
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Technique
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Aftercare
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Johnston G R, Stevens J B, Jessen C R et al (1983) Complications of retrograde contrast urethrography in dogs and cats. Am J Vet Res 44 (7), 1248-1256 PubMed.
- Barsanti J A, Crowell W, Losonsky J et al (1981) Complications of bladder distention during retrograde urethrography. Am J Vet Res 42 (5), 819-821 PubMed.
- Ackerman N (1980) Use of the pediatric Foley catheter for positive-contrast retrograde urethrography. Mod Vet Pract 61 (8), 684-686 PubMed.
- Ticer J W, Spencer C P & Ackerman N (1980) Positive contrast retrograde urethrography - a useful procedure for evaluating urethral disorders in the dog. Vet Radiol 21 (1), 2-11 Wiley Online Library.
Organisation(s)
- American College of Veterinary Radiology, Dr M Bernstein, Executive Director, P.O.Box 87, Blencoe, IL 60022, USA. www.acur.ucdauis.edn.