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Radiography: humerus
Introduction
- Both joints should always be included.
- Soft tissues should be included.
- General anesthesia or sedation is required.
- Anatomical markers must be used.
- Non-digital systems:
- The film should be correctly exposed and developed, and free from movement blur and artefact.
- The anatomical marker must be clearly visible, along with the patient’s identification, the date, and the name of the hospital or practice.
- A high detail film-screen combination is required.
- A grid is required if patient thickness is >10 cm.
- kV should not exceed about 60.
Uses
- Fracture
. - Panosteitis Panosteitis
. - Neoplastic bone disease Bone: neoplasia
. - Soft tissue neoplasia invading bone.
- Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis.
- Metabolic bone diseases.
Advantages
- Non-invasive.
- Equipment available in general practice.
Time required
Preparation
- Dependent upon the method of chemical restraint (GA or sedation).
Procedure
- 10 - 15 min or longer, dependent upon skill of radiographer.
Decision taking
Criteria for choosing test
Is the examination appropriate?- Can you make the diagnosis without it?
- Can it tell you what you need to know?
- Will your management be affected by the radiological findings?
- Always take at least two orthogonal views.
- Standard projection.
- Standard projection.
- Alternative to caudocranial.
- Enables distal humerus to lie flatter against film, thus minimizing distortion and magnification.
Requirements
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Preparation
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Technique
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Aftercare
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Outcomes
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