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Nasal planum: squamous cell carcinoma
Synonym(s): SCC nasal planum
Introduction
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum is an uncommon tumor in dogs.
- Cause: unknown, unlike cats it is not associated with a lack of pigmentation and exposure to UV irradiation.
- Signs: ulceration, bleeding, swelling of the nasal planum, depigmentation.
- Diagnosis: cytology or histopathology.
- Treatment: wide surgical excision. Scarce data and poor response to radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
- Prognosis: good if complete surgical excision, guarded otherwise.
Presenting signs
- Initially depigmentation followed by superficial erosions that become deeper and more ulcerated over time. Surrounding edge may become thickened. Swelling of the nasal planum.
- Secondary bacterial infections may occur.
Acute presentation
- Nasal planum SCC is an infrequent tumor in dogs.
Geographic incidence
- Not known to play a role.
Age predisposition
- SCC of the nasal planum occurs primarily in older dogs (>10 years old).
Breed/Species predisposition
- No known breed predisposition. Labrador retriever Retriever: Labrador and golden retriever Retriever: Golden may be overrepresented.
Cost considerations
- Staging Neoplasia: TNM staging with CT scan and sampling of draining lymph nodes.
- Surgery is often the most effective modality and cost depends on surgical fees.
- Cost of adjuvant radiotherapy if incomplete resection achieved with surgery Surgical oncology: overview.
Pathogenesis
Etiology
- Multiple accumulated genetic errors lead to disordered cell growth.
Pathophysiology
- A malignant tumor of keratinocytes, with slow invasive local growth and metastasis only late in disease that infrequently spreads beyond regional lymph nodes.
- Resembles a crusting ulcer or minor wound. Local invasion leads to a thickened and indurated nature. Metastasis, however, is only late in disease, usually to regional lymph nodes and only very rarely to lungs.
- Disease results from local destruction of tissues and interference with function, and secondary bacterial infection.
Timecourse
- Months to years.
Diagnosis
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Treatment
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Prevention
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Cunha S C S, André M M, Corgozinho K B, Silva K V G C, Silva C A, Ferreira A M R (2020) Radiation therapy for advanced canine nasal planum squamous cell carcinoma: case report. ScieLo Journal VetMedResource.
- Dickerson V M, Grimes J A, Vetter C A, Colopy S A, Duval J M, Northrup N C, Schmiedt C W (2019) Outcome following cosmetic rostral nasal reconstruction after planectomy in 26 dogs. Vet Surg 48(1), 64-69 PubMed.
- Ierace M K, Canfield M S, Peters-Kennedy J, Kane C W (2018) Combined carbon dioxide laser and cryosurgical ablation of rostral nasal septum squamous cell carcinoma in 10 dogs. Vet Derm 29(5), 431-e142 PubMed.
- Ter Haar G, Hampel R (2015) Combined Rostrolateral Rhinotomy for Removal of Rostral Nasal Septum Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Long-Term Outcome in 10 Dogs. Vet Surg 44(7), 843-851 PubMed.
- London C, Mathie T, Stingle N, Clifford C, Haney S et al (2012) Preliminary evidence for biologic activity of toceranib phosphate (Palladia®) in solid tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 10(3), 194-205 PubMed.
- Lascelles B D, Henderson R A, Sequin B, Liptak J M & Withrow S J (2004) Bilateral rostral maxillectomy and nasal planectomy for large rostral maxillofacial neoplasms in six dogs and one cat. JAAHA 40 (2), 137-146 PubMed.
- Lascelles B D, Parry A T, Stidworthy M F, Dobson J M & White R A (2000) Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum in 17 dogs. Vet Rec 147 (17), 473-476 PubMed.
- Rogers K S, Helman R G & Walker M A (1995) Squamous cell carcinoma of the canine nasal planum: eight cases (1988-1994). JAAHA 31 (5), 373-378 PubMed.
- Kirpensteijn J, Withrow S J & Straw R C (1994) Combined resection of the nasal planum and premaxilla in three dogs. Vet Surg 23 (5), 341-346 PubMed.
- Thrall D E & Adams W M (1982) Radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinomas of the canine nasal plane. Vet Radiol 23 (5), 193-196 VetMedResource.
Other sources of information
- Withrow S J & MacEwen E G (2020) Small Animal Clinical Oncology. 6th edition. Philadelphia: W B Saunders. ISBN 978-0-323-59496-7 0 (Up-to-date reference on all aspects of small animal clinical oncology).
- Meuten D J (2002) Tumors in Domestic Animals. 4th Ed. Iowa State Press.