bovis - Articles
Nitroxynil
Synonym(s): Nitroxinil
Introduction
Name
- Nitroxynil.
Class of drug
- Halogenated phenol.
Description
Chemical name
- 4-Hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzonitrile.
Molecular formula
- C7H3IN2O3.
Molecular weight
- 290.01.
Physical properties
- Fluid formulation usually a clear orange-red color.
- Powder formulations, which are not licensed for use in animals, are available usually white in color with a melting point of ~137oC/278.6oF
Storage requirements
- Storage requirements vary between products and as such clinicians should refer to the individual product specifications Medicines: storing, handling, administering and disposing.
Uses
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Administration
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Pharmacokinetics
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Precautions
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Withdrawal Periods
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Adverse Reactions
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed Papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Fairweather I, Brennan G P, Hanna R E B, Robinson M W & Skuce P J (2020) Drug resistance in liver flukes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 12, 39-59 PubMed.
- Howell A K & Williams D J L (2020) The epidemiology and control of liver flukes in cattle and sheep. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 36 (1), 109-123 PubMed.
- Nzalawahe J, Hannah R, Kassuku A A, Stothard J R, Coles G & Eisler M C (2018) Evaluating the effectiveness of trematocides against Fasciola gigantica and amphistomes infections in cattle, using faecal egg count reduction tests in Iringa Rural and Arumeru Districts, Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 11 (1), 384 PubMed.
- Hutchinson G W, Dawson K, Fitzgibbon C C & Martin P J (2009) Efficacy of an injectable combination anthelmintic (nitroxynil + clorsulon + ivermectin) against early immature Fasciola hepatica compared to triclabendazole combination flukicides given orally or topically to cattle. Vet Parasitol 162 (3-4), 278-284 PubMed.
- Mitchell G (2002) Update on fasciolosis in cattle and sheep. In Pract 24 (7), 378-385 VetMedResource.
- Coles G C & Stafford K A (2001) Activity of oxyclozanide, nitroxynil, clorsulon and albendazole against adult triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica. Vet Rec 148 (23), 723-724 VetMedResource.
- Fairweather I & Boray J C (1999) Fasciolicides: efficacy, actions, resistance and its management. Vet J 158 (2), 81-112 PubMed. doi:10.1053/tvjl.1999.0377.
- Martin R J (1997) Modes of action of anthelmintic drugs. Vet J 154 (1), 11-34.
- Rapic D, Dzakula N, Sakar D & Richards R (1988) Comparative efficacy of triclabendazole, nitroxynil and rafoxanide against immature and mature Fasciola hepatica in naturally infected cattle. Vet Rec 122 (3), 59-62 PubMed.
Other sources of information
- Deplazes P, Eckert J, Mathias A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna & Zahner H (2016) Helminths and Principles of Therapy and Control. In: Parasitology in Veterinary Medicine. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp 175-186, 191-197, 224-254, 287-302, 303-312, 556-572.
- Taylor M A, Coop R L & Wall R L (2007) Veterinary Helminthology from Cattle, Sheep and Resistance Sections. In: Veterinary Parasitology. 3rd edn. Blackwell Science. pp 51-91, 152-212, 770-775.
- National Office of Animal Health (NOAH) Compendium of Data Sheets for Animal Medicines. Website: www.noahcompendium.co.uk.
- The NOAH Compendium. Datasheets of licensed veterinary medicines. Website: www.noahcompendium.co.uk.
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) Adverse Reaction Reporting. Website: www.vmd.defra.gov.uk.
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) Questions and Answers on FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Website: www.noahcompendium.co.uk/home.
- Veterinary Substances Database. Website: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk. Accessed October 23, 2020.
Organisation(s)
- Control of Worms Sustainably (COWS) (online) Website: www.cattleparasites.org.uk.
- National Office of Animal Health (NOAH) Compendium of Data Sheets for Animal Medicines. Website: www.noahcompendium.co.uk.
- Veterinary Substances Database (VSDB) (online) Website: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk.