Rafoxanide
Introduction
Name
- Rafoxanide.
Class of drug
- Salicylanilide.
Description
Chemical name
- N-(3-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzamide.
Molecular formula
- C19H11Cl2I2NO3.
Molecular weight
- 626.01.
Physical properties
- Fluid formulation usually a white (oral) or yellow-brown (injectable).
- Powder formulations, which are not licensed for use in animals, are available usually grey-yellow in color with a melting point of ~158oC/316.4oF.
Storage requirements
- Storage requirements vary between products and as such clinicians should refer to the individual product specifications Medicines: storing, handling, administering and disposing.
Uses
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Administration
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Pharmacokinetics
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Precautions
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Withdrawal Periods
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Adverse Reactions
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed Papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Fairweather I, Brennan G P, Hanna R E B, Robinson M W & Skuce P J (2020) Drug resistance in liver flukes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 12, 39-59 PubMed.
- Howell A K & Williams D J L (2020) The epidemiology and control of liver flukes in cattle and sheep. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 36 (1), 109-123 PubMed.
- Stubbings L, Williams D & Hart N (2019) Rafoxanide is not an appropriate alternative to closantel. Vet Rec 185 (20), 633-634 PubMed.
- Power C, Danaher M, Sayers R et al (2013) Investigation of the persistence of rafoxanide residues in bovine milk and fate during processing. Food Addit Contam - Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 30 (6), 1087-1095 PubMed.
- Mitchell G (2002) Update on fasciolosis in cattle and sheep. In Pract 24 (7), 378-385 VetMedResource.
- Fairweather I & Boray J C (1999) Fasciolicides: efficacy, actions, resistance and its management. Vet J 158 (2), 81-112 PubMed.
- Swan G E (1999) The pharmacology of halogenated Salicylanilides and their anthelmintic use in animals. J S Afr Vet Assoc 70 (2), 61-70 PubMed.
- Martin R J (1997) Modes of action of anthelmintic drugs. Vet J 154 (1), 11-34 PubMed.
- Rapic D, Dzakula N, Sakar D & Richards R (1988) Comparative efficacy of triclabendazole, nitroxynil and rafoxanide against immature and mature Fasciola hepatica in naturally infected cattle. Vet Rec 122 (3), 59-62 VetMedResource.
- Razafindrakoto C, Ranaivoson A & Megard J P (1978) Efficacy of rafoxanide injections against adult Fasciola gigantica in zebu cattle in Madagascar. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 31 (2), 165-169 PubMed.
Other sources of information
- Deplazes P, Eckert J, Mathias A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna & Zahner H (2016) Helminths and Principles of Therapy and Control. In: Parasitology in Veterinary Medicine. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp 175-186, 191-197, 224-254, 287-302, 303-312, 556-572.
- Taylor M A, Coop R L & Wall R L (2007) Veterinary Helminthology from Cattle, Sheep and Resistance Sections. In: Veterinary Parasitology. 3rd edn. Blackwell Science. pp 51-91, 152-212, 770-775.
- National Office of Animal Health (NOAH) Compendium of Data Sheets for Animal Medicines. Available at: www.noahcompendium.co.uk.
- The NOAH Compendium. Datasheets of licensed veterinary medicines. Available at: https://www.noahcompendium.co.uk.
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate. Adverse Reaction Reporting. Available at: https://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk.
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate. Questions and Answers on FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Available at: https://www.noahcompendium.co.uk/home.
Organisation(s)
- Control of Worms Sustainably (COWS) (online) Website: http://www.cattleparasites.org.uk/.
- Veterinary Substances Database (VSDB) (online) Website: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk.