bovis - Articles
Eyelid: entropion
Synonym(s): surgical eye ocular unilateral bilateral inversion lower margin
Introduction
- Uni/bilateral inversion of lower eyelid margin.
- Cause: congenital or acquired.
- Signs: ocular irritation as a result of trichiasis (inward facing eyelashes irritating and traumatizing the globe) → lacrimation, conjunctivitis, blepharospasm, photophobia and corneal ulceration.
- Treatment: topical or surgical.
- Prognosis: good with early, appropriate treatment.
Presenting signs
- Inverted lower eyelid
. - Present at birth or as growing calf.
- Ocular pain (see below).
- Corneal ulcers.
Geographic incidence
- Worldwide.
Age predisposition
- Neonates (congenital entropion).
- Neonates through to adults (secondary entropion).
Cost considerations
Expensive
- Systemic supportive care.
- Surgical correction.
Moderate cost
- Topical treatment: requires regular monitoring and therapy.
- Simple surgical procedures.
Pathogenesis
Etiology
- Primary:
- Congenital/hereditary defect.
- Secondary:
- Changes in orbicularis oculi muscle tone, tarsal plate weakness and globe position.
- Weak, premature, or systemically ill calves.
- Dehydration.
- Anorexia leading to severe weight loss.
- Eyelid trauma in adult → severe eyelid scar tissue formation or phthisis bulbi.
- Ocular/peri-ocular trauma.
- The above etiologies lead to the clinical trichiasis which give rise to the clinical signs of blepharospasm, epiphora, photophobia and keratitis.
Pathophysiology
- Primary entropion: congenital - evident at birth.
- Secondary entropion: variable.
Epidemiology
- Usually only an individual is affected but trends may be noticed in genetic lines.
Diagnosis
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Treatment
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Prevention
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed Papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Betbeze C M, Villers M R, Telle M R & Grissett G P (2021) Surgical correction of cicatricial entropion in cattle: two cases. Clin Case Rep 9 (3), 1299-1303 PubMed Wiley.
- Wilkie D A (1991) Ophthalmic procedures and surgery in the standing horse. Vet Clin N A Equine Pract 7 (3), 535-547 PubMed.
- Preister W A (1972) Congenital ocular defects in cattle, horses, cats, and dogs. JAVMA 160 (11), 1504-1511 PubMed.