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Clostridium botulinum
Synonym(s): botulism
Introduction
Classification
Taxonomy
- Kingdom: bacteria.
- Phylum: firmicutes.
- Class: clostridia.
- Order: clostridiales.
- Family: clostridiaceae.
- Genus: Clostridium.
- Species: C. botulinum.
Etymology
- Gk: Clostridium: klōstēr - a spindle. L:botulus - sausage.
Distribution
- Worldwide distribution, found in soil, water and marine sediments.
- Spore-forming anerobic bacteria which proliferates in decomposing animal tissue/carcases and some plant materials (hay/grass/silage) to produce a harmful toxin.
- Is also a part of the normal gut flora in healthy horses, cattle and poultry.
- The incidence is believed to be relatively low in cattle.
- C. botulinum produce one of several forms of toxin.
- These are designated botulinum type A to G.
- Almost all cases of botulism in cattle in the southern hemisphere in general are due to botulinum types C and D.
- Type B toxin is more often observed in Europe and northern America.
Significance
- Most potent biological toxin known.
- C. botulinum types C and D are most relevant in cattle. Botulism caused by type C is sometimes referred to as loin disease Botulism.
- Intoxication is the primary route of infection.
- If C. botulinum grows in the tissues of a live animal this is referred to as toxicoinfections botulism.
- C. botulinum type A and G is rarely found in cattle.
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Clinical Effects
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Diagnosis
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed Papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Kennedy S & Ball H (2011) Botulism in cattle associated with poultry litter. Vet Rec 168 (24), 638-9 PubMed.
- Payne J H, Hogg R A, Otter A, Roest H I & Livesey C T (2011) Emergence of suspected type D botulism in ruminants in England and Wales (2001 to 2009), associated with exposure to broiler litter. Vet Rec 168 (24), 640 PubMed.
- Holzhauer M, Roest H I, de Jong M G & Vos J H (2009) Botulism in dairy cattle in 2008:
symptoms, diagnosis, pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention. Tijdschr
Diergeneeskd 134 (13), 564-70 PubMed. - Braun U (2006) Botulism in cattle. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 148 (7), 331-9.
- Lindström M & Korkeala H (2006) Laboratory Diagnostics of Botulism. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19 (2), 298-314 PubMed.
- Braun U, Feige K, Schweizer G & Pospischil A (2005) Clinical findings and treatment
of 30 cattle with botulism. Vet Rec 156 (14), 438-41 PubMed. - Livesey C T, Sharpe R T & Hogg R A (2004) Recent association of cattle botulism with
poultry litter. Vet Rec 154 (23), 734-5 PubMed. - van Wuijckhuise L, Beekhuis A, Breukers W A & van Dijk P (2002) Botulism poisoning in
cattle, a case report, diagnosis and prevention. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd (13), 422-4 PubMed. - Heider L C, McClure J T & Leger E R (2001) Presumptive diagnosis of Clostridium
botulinum type D intoxication in a herd of feedlot cattle. Can Vet J 42 (3), 210-2 PubMed. - Galey F D, Terra R, Walker R, Adaska J, Etchebarne M A, Puschner B, Fisher E,
Whitlock R H, Rocke T, Willoughby D & Tor E (2000) Type C botulism in dairy cattle from
feed contaminated with a dead cat. J Vet Diagn Invest 12 (3), 204-9 PubMed. - Kelch W J, Kerr L A, Pringle J K, Rohrbach B W & Whitlock R H (2000) Fatal Clostridium
botulinum toxicosis in eleven Holstein cattle fed round bale barley haylage. J Vet Diagn Invest 12 (5), 453-5 PubMed. - Hofmann W (1999) Clinical aspects of botulism in cattle. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 106 (2), 74 PubMed.
- Ortolani E L, Brito L A, Mori C S, Schalch U, Pacheco J & Baldacci L (1997) Botulism
outbreak associated with poultry litter consumption in three Brazilian cattle
herds. Vet Hum Toxicol 39 (2), 89-92 PubMed. - Wobeser G, Baptiste K, Clark E G & Deyo A W (1997) Type C botulism in cattle in
association with a botulism die-off in waterfowl in Saskatchewan. Can Vet J 38 (12), 782 PubMed. - Neill S D, McLoughlin M F & McIlroy S G (1989) Type C botulism in cattle being fed
ensiled poultry litter. Vet Rec 124 (21), 558-60 PubMed. - McLoughlin M F, Mcllroy S G & Neill S D (1988) A major outbreak of botulism in cattle
being fed ensiled poultry litter. Vet Rec 122 (24), 579-81 PubMed. - Smart J L, Jones T O, Clegg F G & McMurtry M J (1987) Poultry waste associated type C
botulism in cattle. Epidemiol Infect 98 (1), 73-9 PubMed. - Notermans S, Dufrenne J & Oosterom J (1981) Persistence of Clostridium botulinum
type B on a cattle farm after an outbreak of botulism. Appl Environ Microbiol 41 (1), 179-83 PubMed.