bovis - Articles
Ischemic teat necrosis
Synonym(s): ischaemic ischemia ischaemia teat, bovine, digital dermatitis, treponemes
Introduction
- Cause: unknown, may be associated with digital dermatitis treponemes.
- Signs: crusting dermatitis at the teat/udder junction.
- Diagnosis: clinical signs or submit samples to Veterinary Pathology at Liverpool University.
- Treatment: unknown. Anecdotal evidence of response to moisturising creams or salicylic acid.
- Prognosis: varied, grave prognosis if any teats are self-mutilated.
Geographic incidence
- Nationwide (UK).
- Affected farms generally have a low prevalence, usually only one or two cattle are affected but it has been reported in up to 25% of heifers.
Age predisposition
- ITN is most common in first lactation heifers in early lactation, and especially in higher yielding herds.
- In one study 88% occurred in the first lactation and 73% occurred in the first 60 days of lactation.
- This may be due to heifers having lower immunity to the disease or a thinner dermis than cows.
Breed/Species predisposition
- It has most commonly been reported in Holstein Friesian Holstein Friesian cattle but they are over-represented in the UK population
- There have been confirmed reports of ITN in Jersey cattle Jersey cattle, and one unconfirmed report in beef cattle.
Cost considerations
- 30-80% of cattle with ITN are culled. The cost of a replacement freshly calved heifer was estimated at £1283 by AHDB Dairy in April 2017.
Pathogenesis
Etiology
- Unknown.
Pathophysiology
- Unknown: what do we know?
- The disease is consistently associated with digital dermatitis (DD) treponemes [Treponemes] but these may be an opportunistic pathogen that prevent healing.
- The teat cup may be the site of new infection. In an unrelated study DD treponemes have been isolated from teat cups [Milking machines].
- ITN has been reported on herds without DD.
Timecourse
- There are two common presentations:
- Acute presentation: the teat is removed within 1-3 days. Sometimes the teat is removed before any lesions are noted.
- Chronic form: the lesion appears but does not progress, often the teat heals over 1-2 months.
Epidemiology
- Unknown.
- Due to the relatively low incidence and prevalence in affected herds it does not appear to be highly contagious.
Diagnosis
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Treatment
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Prevention
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Outcomes
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed Papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Clegg S R, Carter S D, Stewart J P, Amin D M, Blowey R W & Evans N J (2016) Bovine ischaemic teat necrosis: a further potential role for digital dermatitis treponemes. Vet Rec PubMed.
- Manning A (2016) Risk factors and treatment options for ischaemic teat necrosis. Cattle Practice 24 (2), 67.
- Kofler J, Innerebner C, Pesenhofer R, Hangl A & Tichy A (2015) Effectiveness of salicylic acid paste for treatment of digital dermatitis in dairy cows compared with tetracycline spray and hydrotherapy. Berliner und münchener tierärztliche wochenschrift 128 (7-8), 326–34 PubMed.
- Amersfort K (2013) Prevalence and risk factors of Udder Cleft Dermatitis in 20 Dutch dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 97 (8), PubMed.
- Schultz N & Capion N (2013) Efficacy of salicylic acid in the treatment of digital dermatitis in dairy cattle. Vet J PubMed.
- Hartshorn R E, Thomas E C, Anklam K, Lopez-Benavides M G, Buchalova M, Hemling T C & Döpfer D (2013) Short communication: minimum bactericidal concentration of disinfectants evaluated for bovine digital dermatitis-associated Treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes. J Dairy Sci 96 (5), 3034–8 PubMed.
- Evans N J, Brown J M, Hartley C, Smith R F & Carter S D (2012) Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bovine digital dermatitis treponemes identifies macrolides for in vivo efficacy testing. Vet Micro 160 (3-4), 496–500 PubMed.
- Holzhauer M, Bartels C J, van Barneveld M, Vulders C & Lam T (2011) Curative effect of topical treatment of digital dermatitis with a gel containing activated copper and zinc chelate. Vet Rec 169 (21), 555 PubMed.
- Evans N J, Timofte D, Carter S D, Brown J M, Scholey R, Read D H & Blowey R W (2010) Association of treponemes with bovine ulcerative mammary dermatitis. Vet Rec 166 (17), 532–3 PubMed.
- Laven R A & Logue D N (2006) Treatment strategies for digital dermatitis for the UK. Vet J 171 (1), 79–88 PubMed.