bovis - Articles

Warble fly (hypoderma bovis)

ISSN 2398-2993

Introduction
Active Forms
Resting Forms
Clinical Effects
Diagnosis
Further Reading

Synonym(s): Gad flies, cattle grub

Introduction

Classification

Phylum: arthropoda.
Class: insecta.
Family: oestridae.
Subfamily: hypodermatinae.

Distribution

Warbles flies are confined to the northern hemisphere between latitudes 18^oN and 60^oN.
The warble flies affecting cattle, have been eradicated from many countries following national eradication campaigns. Following an eradication campaign that started in 1978, the warble fly was eradicated from Britain by 1992.

In the UK, Warble fly is a notifiable disease in cattle only in Scotland, as the England and Wales regulations were revoked from 1 April 2015.

Occasional reports in some southern hemisphere countries (Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador), are the result of accidental introduction with imported cattle.

Significance

Major cause of economic loss due to downgrading and condemnation of hides.
Adult flies, cause cattle to panic or ‘gad’, sometimes leading to injury, reduced milk yield and weight gains.

Active Forms

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Resting Forms

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Clinical Effects

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Diagnosis

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Further Reading

Publications

Refereed papers

Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
Tarry D, Sinclair I & Wassall D (1992) Progress in the British hypodermosis eradication programme: the role of serological surveillance. Vet Rec 131, 310-312 PubMed.
Sinclair I J, Tarry D W & Wassall D A (1990) The serological incidence of Hypoderma bovis in cattle in England and Wales in spring 1989. Vet Rec 126, 327-329 PubMed.
Webster K A, Giles M & Dawson C (1987) A competitive ELISA for the serodiagnosis of hypodermosis. Vet Parasitol 68, 155-164 PubMed.
Sinclair I J & Wassall D A (1983) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to Hypoderma bovis in Cattle. Res Vet Sci 34, 251.
Tarry D W (1980) Warble fly infestation and climate. Vet Rec 106, 559-560.
Andrews A H (1978) Warble fly - the life cycle, distribution, economic losses and control. Vet Rec 103, 348-353 PubMed.

Other sources of information

Taylor M A, Coop R L & Wall R L (2016) Chapter 8 - Parasites of Cattle. In: Veterinary Parasitology. 4th edn. John Wiley & Sons, UK. pp 380-382.
Nilssen A C (2006) Pupal Biology and Metamorphosis Behaviour. In: The Oestrid Flies: Biology. Host-Parasite Relationships, Impact and Management. Eds: Coldwell D D, Hall M J R & Scholl P J. CAB International. pp 123-138.
Taylor M A (2004) Chemotherapeutics of Ectoparasiticides: Large Animals. Merck Veterinary Manual. 9th edn. Merial Whitehouse Station, USA. pp 2158-2168.