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Escherichia coli
Synonym(s): E. coli
Introduction
Classification
Taxonomy
- Family: enterobacteriaceae.
- Genus: escherichia.
- Species: coli.
Classification of enteritis-causing E. coli strains
Enteric E. coli are classified on the basis of serological characteristics and virulence properties.- Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC):
- Have fimbrial adhesins to bind to enterocyte cells in small intestines, produce heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin, non-invasive and do not cause inflammation, cause neonatal colibacillosis.
- Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC):
- Do not produce enterotoxins, lack fimbria, use an adhesion known as intimin to bind to host intestinal cells, moderately invasive and elicit an inflammatory response, cause enteritis/diarrhea and colisepticemia.
- Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC):
- Invade intestinal mucosa, release endotoxins.
- Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC):
- Have fimbrial adhesins to bind to enterocyte cells in small intestines, produce shiga toxin, moderately invasive and elicit an intense inflammatory response.
- Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC):
- Have fimbria which induce cellular aggregation in vitro, produce a hemolysin and heat stable enterotoxin, non-invasive.
- Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC):
- Produce verotoxin and have fimbria.
- Diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC):
- Produce fimbria which induce diffuse cellular adherence in vitro.
- Necrotoxigenic E. coli (NTEC):
- Produce cytotoxic necrotizing factors, hemolysin and fimbria.
- Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC):
- Produce cytotoxic necrotizing factors and fimbria.
- Invasive E. coli (SePEC):
- Produce cytotoxic necrotizing factors and fimbria.
Etymology
- Escherichia: named after Theodor Escherich, who named the type species of the genus.
- Gk: kolon- food, meat.
Distribution
- Worldwide.
Significance
- The major facultative gram-negative species comprising the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract; usually present in larger numbers in carnivores and omnivores than in herbivores.
- Presence in water supply usually indicates fecal contamination; hence tests for its presence are widely used in water testing.
- Causes (or associated with as opportunistic infection) a wide range of diseases in many species.
- Has been cultured from peritoneal fluid, blood, respiratory tract, placenta and synovial membranes.
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Resting Forms
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Clinical Effects
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Diagnosis
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Saeedi P, Yazdanparast M, Behzadi E, Salmanian A H, Mousavi S L, Nazarian S & Amani J (2017) A review on strategies for decreasing E. coli O157:H7 risk in animals. Microb Pathog 103, 186-195 PubMed.
- Ekong P S, Sanderson M W & Cernicchiaro N (2015) Prevalence and concentration of Escherichia coli O157 in different seasons and cattle types processed in North America: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research. Prev Vet Med 121 (1-2), 74-85 PubMed.
- Munns K D, Selinger L B, Stanford K, Guan L, Callaway T R & McAllister T A (2015) Perspectives on super-shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 12 (2), 89-103 PubMed.
- Smith D R (2014) Vaccination of Cattle against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Microbiol Spectr 2 (6) PubMed.
- Vande Walle K, Vanrompay D & Cox E (2013) Bovine innate and adaptive immune responses against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and vaccination strategies to reduce faecal shedding in ruminants. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 152 (1-2), 109-20 PubMed.
- Ferens W A & Hovde C J (2011) Escherichia coli O157:H7: animal reservoir and sources of human infection. Foodborne Pathog Dis 8 (4), 465-87 PubMed.
- Cullor J S (1995) Escherichia coli O157-H7 - the silent danger. Vet Med 90 (1), 74-82.
- Dorn C R (1995) Escherichia coli O157-H7. JAVMA 206 (10), 1583-1585 PubMed.
- Whipp S C, Rasmussen M A & Cray W C (1994) Animals as a source of Escherichia coli pathogenic for human beings. JAVMA 204 (4), 1168-1175.
- Levine M (1987) Escherichia coli that causes diarrhea - enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic and enteroadherent. J Infect Dis 155, 377 PubMed.