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Clostridium spp
Synonym(s): Clostridia, Clostridial, Clostridioides
Introduction
Classification
Taxonomy
- Kingdom: bacteria.
- Phylum: Firmicutes.
- Class: Clostridia.
- Order: Clostridiales.
- Family: Clostridiaceae.
- Genus: Clostridioides.
Etymology
- Gk: Clostridium: klōstēr - a spindle, in reference to their rod shape.
Distribution
- Worldwide distribution. Some species distribution is correlated to presence of sheep and liver flukes (eg C. chauvoei).
- Normal intestinal flora of cattle. Some can exist as endospores in tissues which if activated can cause disease.
- Ubiquitous in soil, organic material and freshwater.
- Very stable in the environment.
Significance
- There are several diseases of cattle attributed to Clostridial bacteria:
- C.tetani (tetanus) Clostridium tetani Tetanus, lock jaw, spastic paralysis
- C. novyi type B (black disease Black disease, malignant edema, gas gangrene-occasionally observed in cattle.
- C. perfringens type A (jejunal hemorrhage syndrome, abomasal ulcers Abomasal ulceration, gas gangrene, sudden death), type C (necrotic enteritis), type D (exterotoxemia).
- C. chauvoei (black leg, black quarter, malignant edema).
- C. septicum (malignant edema, gas gangerene, exterotoxemia).
- C. sordellii (enterotoxemia, malignant edema).
- C. hemolyticum (red water disease, bacillary hemoglobinuria Bacillary hemoglobinuria).
- C. difficile (associated with diarrhea).
- C. botulinum types C and D Clostridium botulinum (botulism Botulism).
Active Forms
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Resting Forms
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Clinical Effects
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Diagnosis
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Further Reading
Publications
Refereed Papers
- Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource.
- Abdel-Moein K A & Hamza D A (2016) Occurrence of human pathogenic Clostridium botulinum among healthy dairy animals: an emerging public health hazard. Pathog glob health 110 (1), 25-9 PubMed.
- Fohler S, Klein G, Hoedemaker M, Scheu T, Seyboldt C, Campe A, Jensen K C &
Abdulmawjood A (2016) Diversity of Clostridium perfringens toxin-genotypes from dairy farms. BMC Microbiol 16 (1), 199 PubMed. - Lindström M, Myllykoski J, Sivelä S & Korkeala H (2010) Clostridium botulinum in cattle and dairy products. Crit rev food sci nutr 50 (4), 281-304 PubMed.
- Princewill T J, Agba M I & Jemitola S O (1985) Animal feeds as likely vehicles of clostridial infections in livestock. Microbios 42 (169-170), 155-62 PubMed.
- Princewell T J T & Agba M I (1982) Examination of bovine faeces for the isolation and identification of Clostridium species. Journal of applied bacteriology 52, 97–102 PubMed.