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Clostridium perfringens type C

ISSN 2398-2993

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Introduction

Classification

Taxonomy

  • Kingdom: bacteria.
  • Phylum: firmicutes.
  • Class: clostridia.
  • Order: clostridiales.
  • Family: clostridiaceae.
  • Genus: clostridium.
  • Species: C. perfringens.

Etymology

  • Gk: Clostridium: klōstēr - a spindle. L:perforare- to pierce.

Distribution

  • Worldwide distribution.
  • Found in the soil, decaying vegetation, marine sediments and gastrointestinal tract of animals.

Significance

  • Characterized by the production of exotoxins (some of which cause enterotoxemias).
  • There are five toxinotypes types (A, B, C, D and E) which produce one or more of the following toxins, alpha (CPA), beta (CPB), epsilon (EXT) and iota (IXT). Some other toxins are also produced but they are not used in the classification of this pathogen.
  • Types B and C are relevant in cattle causing enteritides, dysentery, toxemia, death in calves and enterotoxemia (type C)  in adult cattle.
  • Type D is less frequently reported in cattle.
  • There have also been reports of type A being associated with hemorrhagic bowel, bloody gut, or jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in dairy cows.

Active Forms

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Resting Forms

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Clinical Effects

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Diagnosis

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Further Reading

Publications

Refereed Papers

  • Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource
  • Redondo L M, Farber M, Venzano A, Jost B H, Parma Y R & Fernandez-Miyakawa M E (2013) Sudden death syndrome in adult cows associated with Clostridium perfringens type E. Anaerobe 20, 1-4 PubMed.
  • Valgaeren B, Pardon B, Goossens E, Verherstraeten S, Schauvliege S, Timbermont L, Ducatelle R, Deprez P & Van Immerseel F (2013) Lesion development in a new intestinal loop model indicates the involvement of a shared Clostridium perfringens virulence factor in haemorrhagic enteritis in calves. Journal of Comparative Pathology 149 (1), 103-112 PubMed.
  • Morris W,  Dunleavy M, Diodati J, Berra G & Fernandez-Miyakawa M (2012) Effects of Clostridium perfringens alpha and epsilon toxins in the bovine gut. Anaerobe 18 (1), 143-147 PubMed.
  • Uzal F A & McClane B A (2011) Recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens type C infections. Vet Microbiol 153 (1–2), 37-43 PubMed.
  • Gurjar A, Hegde N V, Love B C & Jayarao B M (2008) Real-time multiplex PCR assay for rapid detection and toxintyping of Clostridium perfringens toxin producing strains in feces of dairy cattle. Molecular and Cellular Probes 22 (2), 90-95 PubMed.
  • Songer J G, Miskimmins D W (2004) Clostridium perfringens type E enteritis in calves: two cases and a brief review of the literatura. Anaerobe 10, 239–242.
  • Sasaki Y, Yamamoto K, Tamura Y, Takahashi T (2001) Tetracycline-resistance genes of Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium septicum and Clostridium sordellii isolated from cattle affected with malignant edema. Vet Microbiol 83 (1), 61-69 PubMed.